Friday, December 30, 2011

Writing and Wayfaring's Year In Review (Or, Stuff To Read If You're Staying In For New Year's)

So I've been at this blog nearly a year now. I genuinely appreciate the interest of all who have stopped by and taken the time to read my posts, check out my pics, and maybe even leave a little comment. I even appreciate all you accidental seekers who stumbled upon my blog by searching for things like "weird potted plant" or "brooklyn bridge rusty bolts" or "where does rick steves buy his shirts" (according to Blogger Stats).

Since this blog is about a year old, and since it's the end of the year--meaning, that time when list-mania seems to take over the world--I thought I'd compile the 10 most visited posts from my blog and let folks see what travel stories other folks especially like to read when they've landed here.

Below are my top 10 most popular blog posts, by number of views recorded with Blogger Stats. I must say some of them surprise me--beginning with #10, Blister Blues, a post I wrote while on the Camino de Santiago and when I was thinking of giving up the walk. My hunch for why this post made it into the top 10 is that this was around the time when my elderly parents finally figured out how to find my blog, and once they did find it, they obsessively kept checking back on this particular post to see if I added anything. I'd put money on it.

Some of the top 10 don't surprise me. I'm glad the one on the small, old mining town of Galena, Illinois (#9) made it--it is a witty post, and I hope whoever read it enjoyed it. And my post on the Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia (#6) is one of my personal favorites. Meanwhile, the top 4 are not only all about Ireland, but about a particular place in Ireland--Inis Oirr, the smallest of the Aran Islands. Clearly people like it when I write about my memories of Inis Oirr. I can't say I blame 'em--Inis Oirr is a very beloved place of mine, and I write about it with a great deal of heart, and I suppose that comes through in the posts about it. It helped too that the Aran Islands blog got wind of my Inis Oirr posts and shared them on its Facebook page.

Still, I think now would be good to let readers know that I do write about other places in Ireland than Inis Oirr or the Aran Islands--places like the North, Croagh Patrick in County Mayo, and even a place in County Down where you can get a seaweed bath. I also write about places other than Ireland--like Texas, Australia (both the Outback and Melbourne), New Orleans, New York City, and France (Paris, Marseille, and the lovely Poitiers countryside). I've even written about quirky tours, quirky people, and quirky places, as well as about travel books, travel heroes, and travel heroines. Got no plans for New Year's Eve or New Year's Day? Well, here--I've got your loner countdown reading material all cut out for you!

10. Blister Blues (the Camino de Santiago in Spain)

9. Galena, Illinois: Chicks Paradise (a small former mining town in northwestern Illinois)

8. Catalans & Canadians (the Camino de Santiago in Spain)

7. Trip Tips (travel tips)

6. The Bitterest Place On Earth: The Salar de Uyuni (the salt flats of Bolivia)

5. 5 Reasons To Take A Women-Only Tour (guess)

4. Hurricane Katia Comes To Inis Oirr (the Aran Islands, Ireland)

3. Aran Islands Walks (Ireland)

2. My Life On The Littlest Aran Island, Part 2 (Inis Oirr, Ireland)

1. My Life On The Littlest Aran Island, Part 1 (Inis Oirr, Ireland)

Thanks for reading!! Happy and safe travels in 2012!!

Tuesday, December 27, 2011

A Share from Encyclopaedia Britannica

Remember when I said I was laying off the Camino de Santiago posts for awhile? Well, I was being a little truthy. Enyclopaedia Britannica posted this article of mine on the Camino on the Britannica Blog today, and I just wanted to share it: Walking with the World on the Camino de Santiago. Enjoy it! And thanks to Britannica for posting it!

Weary pilgrim on the Camino

Monday, December 19, 2011

Ciao For Now Camino

Me and my friend Aileen on the way to Eunate
This is to be my last post on the Camino de Santiago for now. While there is so much more I can say about my Camino, and though really not much time has passed since I finished it (so I don't think I can be accused just yet of dragging out the indulgence in memory too long), it's getting on to the end of the year now, and to the beginning of a new one, and there are other places to write about and explore, other adventures worth a post or two.

Harvested grapes and vineyard, on Camino after Ponferrada
Corn on the way to Cacabelos

For my last Camino post I'm sharing pictures of all sorts of favorite random moments, places, and people on my Camino. And I'm writing about my first day on the Camino, for no other reason than I recently found a note I made near the end of that day and re-read it, and discovered a kind of theme that I unwittingly kept for my entire Camino. The note was essentially about grace. Not grace in the religious sense, but in the sense of maintaining one's own personal equilibrium--physical, emotional, mental, spiritual, what-have-you. Keeping your cool, keeping a sense of humor, keeping your chin up, or (in the example that best fits the Camino) keeping your own pace--whether fast, slow, moderate, direct, zigzagging, halting, skipping, sprinting, shuffling--and not worrying about whether it falls in line with anyone else's.

Pilgrim shoes in Orisson albergue. Pilgrims are required to remove their walking shoes at the entrance of a refugio/albergue.
My first day on the Camino was meant to be the standard walk from Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port in France, over the Pyrenees, and across the Spanish border into Roncesvalles. The walk from St. Jean to Roncesvalles is mostly uphill and involves an ascent of nearly 1,300 meters (over 4,000 feet). I didn't make it. The uphill parts were simply too strenuous for me right off the bat, and I only got as far as Orisson, an albergue still in France and just 8 km (5 miles) from St. Jean.

Virgin of Biakorri statue in Pyrenees on way to Roncesvalles

View looking out from Virgin statue
I was OK with this. I actually made the decision to stop at Orisson, as long as there was a free bed there, a couple kilometers before getting there. Up until decision time, I was sweating, straining, panting, doubting I'd be able to do this Camino thing and thinking I'd seriously overestimated my fitness and strength. Back in St. Jean, I'd left the albergue there (or rather, had been kind of kicked out of it--the old henna-haired Frenchwoman who ran it actually hunted me down in the bathroom, clucking and hollering that it was nearly 8AM and I needed to get going) with an English guy named Paul. Paul was in the British military and stationed in Northern Ireland in County Down, not far from where I used to live. He was using most of his holidays to walk the first quarter of the Camino, having seen the movie "The Way" and wanting to replicate for himself the moving experience depicted in the film and get in better shape to boot. He was going by a popular guidebook, by John Brierley, the same one I had, to plan out his distance each day.

Makeshift memorial on the Camino
Still Missing You But It's Easier Now
Paul had asked me the night before to walk with him the first day. I didn't really want to walk with anyone to start out with, just because I was nervous about my abilities and had some very personal reasons for wanting to walk the Camino, and I knew my head would be filled with thoughts. But I didn't yet know how to express my desires to be alone on the Camino. So I started with Paul on the first day.

He ended up falling behind me anyway. As I started struggling with the steep sections, I'd take breaks on the side of the road, and Paul would usually catch up with me. He wasn't looking too good. Not just red and sweaty like me, but kind of miserable and worried. He looked like he was having the same doubts as me. At one point, near Hunto, I began considering stopping at Orisson for the night and mentioned this to Paul when he caught up with me. A little farther on, while keeping pace with a few French couples walking together, I overheard one of the French husbands chiding his wife for continually stopping to inspect and take pictures of colorful roadside flowers and vines and other pretty things. "Let's go! It's the kilometers that count," he snapped at her. What's the French word for divorce again, I thought to myself, as I stopped to look at the same flowers that had enchanted the French wife. At an overlook with a table that mapped the view, where some old people overtook me, I decided for sure. I wouldn't go on to Roncesvalles today. I wanted to hang back with the time-takers and snails and slackers--not the kilometer-counters. Slowpokes are my kind of people, and that's my style. 

Agatha from Poland. She was one of the strongest people I met on the Camino. "The Catholic Church is not about guilt," she said, "it's about forgiveness."

Tanya from Austria and Alexandra from Switzerland, on the bridge leading into Pamplona
I told Paul and he agreed that I was probably making the wiser decision, but he was going to push on. I never saw Paul again after that, and I always wondered how he made it to Roncesvalles, what shape he was in, how his feet were, how far he ended up getting day by day and on the Camino overall. I wondered how enjoyable the experience ended up being for him.

I didn't see "The Way" until I finished the Camino and returned to the U.S. I loved it, but having seen it after walking the Camino, I understand where Paul might have been a little misled. "The Way" notably doesn't depict the physical hardship of the Camino. The most uncomfortable physical experience it shows is when one of the characters discovers the toilet at one albergue is basically the backyard. The characters never break a sweat, never complain about blisters or backaches or shin splints, never run out of fresh water or clean underwear, never suffer sunburn, never slip on mud or dung or loose stones on the road, never get soaked from walking in non-stop rain in Galicia, never wake up covered in bedbug bites... The movie makes it look a little too easy I think.

Me knocking down walnuts, near Alto del Perdon, the Hill of Forgiveness
Aileen picking some kind of fruit we couldn't identify, on way to Finisterre
Moreover, the distances mapped each day in John Brierley's guide are just suggestions, not commands. While Brierley's book breaks down each day into pretty realistic distances, plenty of pilgrims will find from the get-go that they can cover more kilometers on some days, less on others. And it's OK. It's up to you. It's supposed to be.

Of course, unlike me, Paul had only about 2 weeks on the Camino. He had a set date to return home and return to his job. I didn't even have a ticket out of Spain or Europe when I started the Camino. I could take my time, and did. He couldn't. Not the way he'd initially approached it.

Peregrino deer, 3km ahead, on the way to Burgos
Special room for snorers, in the Santo Domingo albergue
All the same, I had to convince myself that not walking all the way to Roncesvalles was acceptable, that it didn't mean I wasn't fit for this Camino thing and wouldn't last the whole way. Even though I felt a big weight lift off my shoulders once I made the decision to only go as far as Orisson and just enjoy the scenery. Even though that new enjoyment included watching the mists of the Pyrenees drift in and out of the pockets of mountain valleys, listening to the clucking of cowbells break the silence, and resting on a large rock while dozens of griffon vultures--great condor-like birds that thrive in the French Pyrenees--soared and circled above, their vast wingspans casting shadows on the Camino below. Even though I ended up meeting my favorite walking partner on the Camino, Aileen from Ireland, once I decided to slow down and stay at Orisson, where Aileen was staying too (we met just before arriving at the albergue, when we were both standing close by and watching the same cow). Even though the whole gang of pilgrims I met at Orisson were wonderful. I still needed to reassure myself that I made the right decision to slow down.

On the mountainside on the way to Roncesvalles

Approaching Zubiri

Twice the fortune

Shepherd with sheep and goats, near Estella

In Lorca
In the notes I made before dinner at Orisson, the most detailed notes I would take the whole Camino, I wrote about accepting my limitations and my slower natural pace with humility and grace. After all, I reminded myself, "I want to enjoy myself. I don't want [the Camino] to become an experience in torture." The thing that really humbled me was how much just walking around on a very small patch of the earth, your own natural home, can make you feel nervous and inadequate. I figured then the only way to deal with it is to accept that the earth is a very contoured place, and some of its contours will feel easy and comfortable and some will prove unfamiliar (say, a flatlander like me trying to cross mountains or an islander trying to cross the vast dry plain of the Meseta) and challenging--but it's all parts of the same earth that nurtured you, it's all walking ground nonetheless. It's a bit like trying on a different culture or language--different and frustrating, but still valid forms of day-to-day living and communication. At times the adjustment will be awkward or clumsy, thus very humbling--but maybe that's what most pilgrims on the Camino are looking for.
In Santiago Cathedral, a priest pushing off the botafumeiro (incenser) during All Souls Day mass
There it goes! The botafumeiro swinging up to the rafters in Santiago Cathedral
Me, swinging in Cee
I didn't put it all so philosophically in my note. Just fragments of thoughts, and fragments of wonderings about the people I'd meeting in the weeks ahead. I wondered how many of them were like me, how many were people trying to sort something out. I wondered how many of us were unwittingly (or maybe full wittingly) physically and topographically mimicking the emotional ups and downs of our lives by attempting the Camino and thereby hoping for some kind of catharsis. And then I stopped all this wondering, and put down my pencil, and watched and listened to the griffon vultures fly for awhile. I looked out at all the daisies and Queen Anne's lace and blue irises dotting the fields beyond the albergue. And then I watched as a group of Catalan men in pink shirts strode up the road, checked into the albergue, and then came out one by one to sit by and talk to me.
My Irish friend Aileen (from the South)

My Irish friend Garth (from the North)

Pilgrim dinner in Burgos. Friends from Australia, Wales, the U.S., Germany, Finland, and Quebec

Pilgrim dinner in Santiago. Friends from France, the U.S., Scotland, England, New Zealand, Switzerland, and Germany
Impromptu celebration with Catalans and Castilians at albergue in Itero de la Vega

Impromptu celebration at albergue near Pambre with friends from France, Germany, Maine, and Madrid
The next day, when I walked on to Roncesvalles, I knew for sure I was keeping the right pace. It seemed a long walk from Orisson to Roncesvalles, and as I walked the distance I kept thinking there was no way I could've made the whole journey from St. Jean the day before. Not without crawling in on my hands and knees.

For the rest of the Camino I'd like to say I handled every day with as sound judgment as my first. But that wouldn't be true nor realistic. Some days I walked too far when I should have stopped earlier on, and ended up paying for it with blisters or huge fatigue. Other days I didn't get very far, not because it was my natural pace or because I found a town or albergue early on I really wanted to stay in, but because of pure laziness. I cried more than a few times on the Camino. I had my peaceful times, my sad times, my frustrated times, my neutral times. I met people I didn't really like, whose company I didn't enjoy. I encountered rude locals as well as friendly ones. Bad memories overwhelmed me at times when I was walking alone for too long. I whined in my head when I was really thirsty or needed to get to a bathroom or just generally uncomfortable but was still too far from any village or shelter. I swore out loud at pesky flies and gnats and swatted at them like I was trying to chop down an attacker twice my size. I was lonely. I wanted to be left alone. I wrote hate letters in my head to people who'd wronged me. I sang Lady Gaga and Janis Joplin and Lucinda Williams songs out loud but just barely when no one was around. I worried someone would overhear that I can't sing a note. I lingered and left mementos at some religious sites and shrugged at others. I regretted going on the Camino. I was glad I came. I was as graceless and self-pitying and self-contradicting as it probably is to be.

Sue from South Korea. She had her rucksack cover personally designed with her image and her nickname (Lucky Girl) 
Mural in Olveiroa, on the way to Finisterre
The thing is, all the while I was handling the Camino like an ass my own strength and grace snuck up on me. Steep uphill climbs that kept me from doing even 10km my first day got easier for me. Not that I still didn't sweat or take breaks--but I stopped worrying about the fact that I was sweating or stopping to catch my breath every few minutes. I had long since accepted that this was my own way of getting up the steep parts, that this was my own pace--and I realized how much energy the worry had been stealing from my strength before when I found now I could keep going much farther, with little problems, once I made it up the high hills. My climb up into Galicia and O'Cebreiro went like this. Everyone said the climb to O'Cebreiro would be a bear. And yeah, it was pretty tough. But it was also near the end of the Camino, and I'd been walking for nearly a month and up and down several high points by this time.

My friend Jeremy in Santiago, with his "pilgrim's hat"
Me near Ages with a real pilgrim's hat ;)
When I made it to O'Cebreiro I took a rest by the roadside, only to meet a couple old Japanese women heading back to their tour bus who wanted to take pictures of me (a real pilgrim!) and ask me all about my clothes, my backpack, my journey... "I respect you," one of the old Japanese ladies said to me. I nearly cried. Japan has just been through a horrific earthquake, and these ladies were old enough to have been children during World War II and the nightmare days of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. All I just did was sweat my spoiled American behind up a hill with a backpack. I'd expected to stop at O'Cebreiro for the night, but now I didn't want to--I wanted to (and could) keep going.

Reaching Galicia, Celtic Spain

Me in O'Cebreiro, picture courtesy of Japanese ladies
The day I walked into Santiago, I walked 40km, and I thought that was a test of my strength and endurance--and I suppose it was. But it was my choice to take on that challenge near the end. After arriving in Santiago, another, unexpected test presented itself to me--one for the emotional and religious side of me rather than the physical, for my heart and soul. I think I handled it with grace. I think I made the right choice and did the right thing. But I spent a few days a little confused about it. I wondered what another woman would have done. I wondered if my conclusion was normal.

On the Meseta

On the way to Finisterre
Then my favorite walking partner stepped in. Aileen had left the Camino in Estella and gone back to Ireland, but came back to walk to Finisterre from Santiago. I walked with her. While we walked she reminded me of what I learned my first day on the Camino and was already forgetting. Don't worry about another person's pace. Find, trust, accept, and respect your own. Listen to your body, listen to your heart--and do what's best for them. Go slow if that's how you go. Stop when you want to stop. It's not a race--"it" meaning the Camino, life, love, healing, forgiveness, trust, faith, whatever it is that's set you to walking, whatever it is you're looking for or running from on the road. Some walk the Camino in 20 days, some take twice as long. Some start from farther away--they start with a handicap. Some take 10 minutes to heal, to forgive, to love or to trust. Some take 10 years--or all their lives. It's not a race--it's a journey.

You get a piece of paper when you get to Santiago. That's it. You get a passport at the beginning and a piece of paper with a blessing on it at the end. And they're just that--a passport and a blessing, not a map, not a secret solution. Your compostela is an affirmation of your being alive, an acknowledgment of your adventure and your journey on a contoured road and a contoured life. It's not an answer. The Camino is just something people do. Something wonderful to be sure. It's something you've done now. You'll do other things. As long as you do them in your own time, at your own pace, then you can't say you're not handling life with grace.

Santiago

Santiago

Santiago

Saturday, December 10, 2011

The Gift of Good Laughter

So I have a little announcement to make. Along with being an exercise in spiritual and personal development, walking the Camino de Santiago proved to be a spur for a couple creative projects as well. They both involve a collaboration between me and a couple fellow pilgrims I met on the Camino, who soon became my friends: Belinda, a South African photographer living in Ireland, and Peter, an unexpectedly possessive Australian best described as the George Clooney of the Camino (and who now owes me 20 bucks).
Belinda and Peter--my partners in crime, oops, creativity, I meant creativity!
So here are the project pitches. First, Belinda's. I met Belinda at a monastery in Trinidade de Arre, just before Pamplona, and ran into her again on the Camino after Estella and the wine fountain at Irache. She was walking with a Swedish fellow named John. (And you'll excuse me if I must approach these next few sentences with great sensitivity, as the very mention of John seems to bring out the brute in the normally sweet-tempered Peter. I'll just say Peter becomes quite un-cool at the mention of John, quite un-George Clooney.)
Belinda and John on the Camino. (Peter, calm down!)
Belinda and John were aiming for the same town as me that evening, Villamayor de Monjardin. We all checked into the same albergue, run by a Dutch evangelical group, and opted for dinner at the local bar rather than the somewhat proselytizing one available at the Dutch albergue. I got to know Belinda a little better at dinner, and we both got to know John. John was walking the Camino as a gift for his 50th birthday from his wife, who had walked the Camino years before, found it a very meaningful and life-changing experience, and wanted John to know it for himself. She also had a big party in store for John back in Stockholm, which meant John had a deadline for getting to Santiago. Up until he met Belinda and I, he said he was averaging 40km a day. This day was the first day he'd taken the time to slow down (initially because of the heat) and talk to his fellow pilgrims. It may have been his last as well, since neither Belinda or I saw him again for the rest of the Camino.

The next morning John left well before dawn to make headway before the noonday heat. Belinda was gone before me as well (I was typically one of the last pilgrims to leave the albergues every morning), and I finally walked out of Villamayor as the last stars of the night were fading. I ended up catching up with Belinda on the outskirts of a long stretch of hay fields and haystacks.

Hay is for horses, the saying goes. No, I say, hay is for fun. And haystacks are for posing with, on, under, above, next to, behind, any way, any how, any time.

Leaning against a haystack on the Camino
Belinda and I have a good time for awhile taking arty pictures of the haystacks. Then we have a brilliant idea:

Eureka!!!
Calendar Girls of the Camino! Just what the world's been waiting for. And a perfect Christmas stocking stuffer for the pilgrim who has everything and has to post half of it back just to get the damn pack on his back without falling over. Belinda and I get to work setting up the first shots. Now, the calendar won't be out until later 2012, for the year 2013. We are still looking for models. Any woman who's walked the Camino will do. Must have a portfolio and credencial, good bone structure, and own transportation (foot, bike, or mule--no cars please) to the Camino. Here is a sneak peek for my blog readers only of Miss June and Miss October.

Miss June
Miss October
So that's Camino creative project #1 under way. Project #2 didn't light up in anyone's head until my Camino ended in Santiago, by which time I had lost and found Belinda and lost and found her again and again during the rest of the walk and both of us had met (and lost and found again and again) Peter.

Belinda and I met Peter in the municipal albergue in Logrono, a place otherwise most memorable for an elderly Italian man (who beat us all to Santiago by I'd say at least a week) in the bunk beneath mine who shouted out "Mandela!!" whenever he looked at Belinda, and "Obama!!" whenever he looked at me. (I'm sure Peter would like to have everyone believe the old Italian man shouted out "George Clooney!!" or "Hugh Jackman!!" whenever he saw Peter, but for me to add in that outright fabrication, he has to shell out another 20 dollars and a cafe con leche. Grande.)
"Mandela!" and "Obama!" taking shade under an olive tree on a hot, dry day

Not George Clooney, not Hugh Jackman, not even close
Belinda and I kept pace with Peter for aways, before he shot off ahead (perhaps in a rage-fueled quest to catch up with John?). Even shin splints didn't slow him down much (and of course not--would they slow down George Clooney?), and he got to Santiago before both of us. We were all reunited within a few days, in time for a "family photo" in the lovely Cafe Casino and a birthday cupcake for Peter and I (both October babies) courtesy of the very generous...and soon very regretful Belinda.
In the Cafe Casino in Santiago, Belinda, Peter, and me
As Belinda led the two belated birthday babies into a bakery, she told us to pick out whatever we wanted. How nice...and how naive, considering Peter and I are both Libras, the most indecisive sign in the zodiac. Belinda, who picked out her choice of pastry as soon as we stepped in, watched helplessly as Peter and I both took forever to make up our minds, then both change our minds, then both take another good while to decide for sure...maybe...ye...yes, these ones, oh wait, no, those ones, yes, definitely...we think, sure, yeah those ones, whatever.

The rest of the evening, Belinda helped Peter and I make up our minds on whether we wanted to hang out a little longer, whether we should go here or there, and whether we wanted another drink or were ready to call it a night. But when it came to brainstorming Camino creative project #2? Peter and I needed no aid with that, thank you very much.

Camino creative project #2 came about one morning in the Cafe Casino, as Belinda told us about a couple friends of hers back in Ireland who travel like kings. And they report on these tales of luxury wanderlust for some kind of travel program or column. I suggested these two characters hitch along with me for their next trip ("I'll open their eyes up--Chicago-style"), and then proposed that Peter and I start a travel show. The title? "Harden The F*** Up!"--named in honor of a fellow pilgrim and a countryman of Peter's who, in very characteristically Aussie fashion, snapped those very words at a whining European pilgrim who was perpetually complaining about the Camino.

Production on "Harden The F*** Up!" is still in the early stages. Mainly because neither Peter nor I can decide what the travel show should focus on, and Belinda has better things to do than figure it out for us. In which case maybe we should change the title to "Hurry The F*** Up!" or "Make Up Your F***ing Minds!!" Despite the delay, we do have some screen shots from the first episode, courtesy of Belinda. In this premiere episode, Peter shows his true colors at the mention of John. I save the day with some All-American-Midwestern charm and a "My God, you look just like Clooney at his peak when you're angry!" compliment.
Belinda mentions John. Peter reacts. I freeze in fear.

Australia vs. America. Vegemite vs. peanut butter.
"Where's the rest of the Ocean's 11 cast?" And suddenly he's putty in my hands.

That was close! And I made his day.

The creative team behind "Harden The F*** Up!", travel's next big...something
All this joshery is really just to say this: Belinda and Peter gave me some of my biggest laughs on the Camino. And that's alongside their genuine friendliness and kindness. The Camino being a traditionally spiritual journey, and a rather physically difficult and long one, it can be easy to take yourself too seriously at times, to set too high expectations of what you hope to gain from the Camino. It can be easy to forget that a good life and a meaningful life isn't all about having brilliant epiphanies at every corner or weeping at the sunset or meditating on a stone. It's as much about having fun and making friends and having a good laugh with those friends.

If the Camino gave me nothing but the gift of a few hearty laughs with Belinda and Peter (...and John!)--and okay, a couple silly "project ideas" too--then it gave me a fortune. Then it was worth the blisters and the bedbugs and the trudging through the heat and the rain and the mud and dung-covered roads at dawn.

Thanks for the friendship and laughter, Belinda and Peter! Oh, and Peter? John says hi.